Cloudflare Meerkat - Globally distributed consensus

What's interesting here is that this would be the first production implementation of an asynchronous consensus algorithm (QuePaxa). Paxos, Raft, etc. are all partially synchronous, meaning they rely on timeouts and only make progress if message delay is sufficiently small compared to timeout durations. QuePaxa doesn't rely on timeouts and makes progress even under wild fluctuations in message delay. The question is whether performance is competitive enough in the normal case, when message delay is small and doesn't vary much, and historically the answer has been "no" and that's why asynchronous protocols weren't used.

This article is a bit hard for me to grasp the main ideas of because, given Cloudflare's requirements (e.g. no strong leaders), it immediately seems like they should be comparing to leaderless protocols like Paxos-class algorithms. Comparing to Raft and saying it's better because Meerkat is leaderless is confusing, because Raft is an adjustment to Paxos to specifically have strong leaders. So I'm 3/4 the way into the article and I don't see what's unique here.

I think the unique idea here is supposed to be QuePaxa's idea of avoiding timeouts for ensuring liveness. The actual discussion of QuePaxa is limited to one paragraph at the end, and tbh only a couple sentences of that paragraph.

I feel like the article could've been titled "Consensus protocols and linearizability: a brief explainer", or "Paxos vs Raft", or similar. It just doesn't feel like it communicates what it claims to communicate, and is a bit confused on who its audience is, just IMO.

"a new distributed consensus service called Meerkat powered by a consensus algorithm called QuePaxa, published in 2023 by researchers at EPFL. QuePaxa differs from Raft in that all replicas can perform writes at all times, and progress is never halted due to a timeout"

Interesting

I imagine something akin to a bat signal that alerts Aphyr to these types of posts. Looking forward to the Jepsen write-up.

if youve ever fought a raft cluster on a bad network with leaders flapping, elections storming and latency spiking this genuinely doesnt seem that bad. i believe this will be very useful to those dealing with messy networks

This is really interesting. I wonder if etcd can benefit from this as it uses Raft for consensus and split-brain can be a problem depending on how its setup (usually when a Kubernetes control plane is initialized).

TBH I’m doubtful of most people building their own crypto libs and distributed consensus implementations. But maybe cloudflare can pull it off. Good to see them pushing the state of distributed consensus.

Take aways:

* it’s not in prod yet. I suspect those many round trips are going to get expensive on median aka typical redistributed deployments. Curious to see how it goes once in the wild.

* they say it isn’t likely suitable for eg databases.

* they talk about formal verification, which is good and feels appropriate.

Looking forward to seeing more!

I feel like it would be much better if the article focused on QuePaxa because IMHO it's an algorithm that finally brings some novel ideas to concensus (e.g. not relying on timeouts) by kinda coming at it from a gossip protocol angle and is not getting the attention it deserves. The post shouldn't have focused and introduced Meerkat which hasn't been fully developed and tried in production. If they clearly presented the pros and cons vs not just Raft (which is popular but doesn't even play in the same league because it is relies on a leader) but other leaderless or multi-leader concensus protocols that would have been of greater value. The Paxos family of algorithms are a much closer fit here and there's a reason why some serious large planet scale systems choose it over Raft.

E.g. 1. Intro about issues with concensus 2. Intro to QuePaxa 3. Comparison to other algos that are close to it 4. Mentioning active work on implementation via Meerkat and intent to bring to production with followup posts.

As always when it comes to concensus it's all about trade-offs. And with QuePaxa that might be the increase in messages (note: I don't mean message round-trips). We'll see how it goes but it will definitely be interesting.

Illustrated with meercats looking in different directions.

Can I run up some memecoins on it?

Consensus is one of those areas where the interesting engineering and the number of people who actually need it are inversely correlated. Most "we need distributed coordination" turns out to be "we need one writer and a lock," which a single Postgres hands you for free: advisory locks, SELECT ... FOR UPDATE, SKIP LOCKED for work distribution. Linearizability without running Raft..

The real threshold is multi-region writes on a hard latency budget, and even then a single-region primary plus accepting cross-region read latency beats eating a consensus round-trip on every write for a lot of teams. Curious what workload pushed you past single-primary - usually a better story than the impl itself.